Introduction In 19th-century colonial India, language was more than a tool for communication. It was also a marker of identity for communities. While language helped reshape identities in the colonial backdrop, languages themselves were also influenced by policies and practices. Given the diversity of languages and their varying functionality in a place like India, the […]

Urdu and Punjabi: A Zero-Sum Game of Languages in 19th-century Colonial Punjab — Kamal Ki Baatein